对于财产保险利益的这一规定,笔者认为参照了英国海上保险法相关的条文《1906年英国海上保险法》对海上货物运输保险有这样的规定,即海上保险标的发生损失时,被保险人必须具备保险利益,而不强调客户在投保时是否具有利益。如英国海上保险法第六条原文:When interest must attach:(1)The assured must be interested in the subject-matter insured at the time of the loss though he need not be interested when the insurance is effected:Provided that where the subject-matter is insured‘lost or not lost’,the assured may recover although he may not have acquired his interest until after the loss,unless at the time of effecting the contract of insurance the assured was aware of the loss,and the insurer was not.(2)Where the assured has no interest at the time of the loss,he cannot acquire interest by any act or election after he is aware of the loss.(译文:(1)在保险契约订立时,被保人对于标的物固无发生利益关系之必要,但在标的物发生灭失时,被保险人必须具有保险利益。标的物之保险,系以“危险之有无”为条件,虽然灭失发生后,始取得利益时,仍得请求损害赔偿,但保险契约订立时,被保险人明知已灭失,而保险人不知者,不在此限。(2)被保险人如在灭失发生时并无保险利益者,无论其嗣后行为若何,均不能取得保险利益。)
二、新法对财产保险合同转让时的效力承接与延续减少了社会成本
1.保险合同
保险合同是投保人与保险人约定保险权利义务关系的协议。原《保险法》第三十四条规定,保险标的的转让应当通知保险人,经保险人同意继续承保后,依法变更合同。对于我国的这一规定,理论界和行业协会一直存在不同的看法,有人认为这一规定过于繁琐,增加了社会成本。而被保险人更加觉得增加了他们的成本,因为转让方与受让方都要到保险公司营业部办理相关手续。我们知道,在汽车保险业务中,经常有私家车主或公司将旧车削价出售给别人,再添置新车,保险标的转移了,按照规定应重新订立汽车保险合同,因为保险标的的转让不能代表保险单的自动转移(货物运输保险合同和另有约定的合同除外)。这一条的规定和英国的相关法律有相似之处,如英国《公司与合同法及其在保险中的应用》(Company and Contract Law and Their Application to Insurance)中规定,“The subject-matter of an insurance contract will often be transferred from one person to another.For example,a motor policyholder may sell his car to another.The insured under a household buildings policy may sell his house.Assignment of the subject-matter does not carry with any assignment of the policy.If the insured disposes of the subject-matter of the insurance,the usual effect will bring the contact to an end.”(保险合同标的经常被从一个人转移到另一个人,比如,汽车保单持有人把轿车卖给别人,房屋建筑保险单的被保险人可以出售房屋,保险单不能随同保险标的的转让而转让。如果被保险人处置保险标的,通常的结果是保险合同终止。)